Impaired Hippocampal Long-term Potentiation Research Articles

Cacao consumption improves passive avoidance memory impairment in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease: the role of hippocampal synaptic plasticity and oxidative stress

Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) causes progressive loss of cognitive function and synaptic plasticity, which is the most common form of dementia. The present study was designed to scrutinize the effects of cacao on passive avoidance memory function and to identify the roles of hippocampal synaptic plasticity and oxidative stress in an AD rat model induced by unilateral intracerebroventricular (UICV) injection of amyloid-beta (Aβ).Methods: Oral administration of cacao (500 mg/kg/ day) was given for 2 consecutive months. A memory retention test was conducted 24 h after passive avoidance training was completed. Subsequently, the amplitude of population spike (PS) and slope of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) were assessed at hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) in perforant pathway–dentate gyrus (PP-DG) synapses. Moreover, total thiol group (TTG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were evaluated in the plasma. Furthermore, compact Aβ plaques were detected in the hippocampal DG by performing Congo red staining.Results: As a result of AD induction, passive avoidance memory was impaired; also, reduced fEPSP slopes, PS amplitudes, and content of TTG, and increase in MDA levels in the rats were observed. In contrast, cacao treatment ameliorated passive avoidance memory impairment, improved hippocampal LTP impairment, modulated oxidative–antioxidative status, and delayed Aβ plaques production in AD rats.Disscussion: Conclusively, cacao alleviates Aβ-induced cognitive deficit, probably by the amelioration of hippocampal LTP impairment, modulation of oxidative–antioxidative status, and inhibition of Aβ plaque accumulation

Ceftriaxone Modulates Ubiquitination of α-Amino-3-Hydroxy-5-Methyl-4-Isoxazole Propionic Acid Receptors to Improve Long-Term Potentiation Impairment Induced by Exogenous β-Amyloid in a Glutamate Transporter-1 Dependent Manner.

Α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors (AMPARs) are crucial for properties of synaptic plasticity, such as long-term potentiation (LTP). LTP impairment can occur early in the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The downregulation or decreased abundance of AMPAR expression in the postsynaptic membrane is closely associated with LTP impairment. Ceftriaxone (Cef) can improve LTP impairment in the early stages of AD in a mouse model. The purpose of this study was to explore the mechanism underlying this process from the aspects of AMPAR expression and ubiquitination degree. In this study, we found that β-amyloid (Aβ) treatment induced hippocampal LTP impairment and AMPAR downregulation and ubiquitination. Cef pretreatment ameliorated Aβ-induced hippocampal LTP impairment, reduced AMPAR ubiquitination, and increased AMPAR expression, especially in the plasma membrane, in Aβ-treated mice. Administration of USP46 siRNA and DHK (a specific blocker of glutamate transporter-1) significantly inhibited the above effects of Cef, suggesting a role for anti-AMPAR ubiquitination and upregulation of glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) in the Cef-induced improvements mentioned above. The above findings demonstrate that pretreatment with Cef effectively mitigated Aβ-induced impairment of hippocampal LTP by suppressing the ubiquitination process of AMPARs in a GLT-1-dependent manner. These results provide novel insights into the underlying mechanisms elucidating the anti-AD by Cef.

Complement C1q drives microglia-dependent synaptic loss and cognitive impairments in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation

Activated microglia and subsequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines result in neuroinflammatory status which further damage neurological function including cognitive impairments in various neurological conditions. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms during these pathological processing remain unknown. In the current study, mice received intraperitoneal administrations of LPS (0.5 mg/kg, daily, Escherichia coli O55:B5) for seven consecutive days and their different cohorts were used for behavioral assessment with open field, Y maze, and novel object recognition test or for electrophysiology recordings of mEPSC, LFP or LTP in in vivo or ex vivo preparation. The hippocampus from some cohorts were harvested for immunostaining or Western blotting of c1q, Iba-1, CD68, PSD95 and dendritic spine density or for transcriptome and proteomics analysis. Repeated LPS injections induced an up-regulation of complement system protein c1q and distinct microglial phenotype with an enrichment of the complement–phagosome pathway. Microglial synaptic engulfment and profound synaptic loss were found. These pathological changes were accompanied with the significantly decreased excitatory synaptic transmission, disturbed theta oscillations, impaired hippocampal long-term potentiation, and cognitive impairments. Notably, neutralization of c1q signaling robustly prevented these changes. Collectively, our data provide evidence that activated microglia and complement cascade c1q signaling in the hippocampus may account for synaptic loss and cognitive impairments in a mouse model of neuroinflammation induced by repeated LPS injections. Our work implicates that complement system may be a therapeutic target for developing therapies to prevent or treat cognitive disorders related to neuroinflammation or other disease conditions including neurodegenerative disease per se.

Date palm spathe extract reverses chronic stress-induced changes in dendritic arborization in the amygdala and impairment of hippocampal long-term potentiation.

Chronic restraint stress induces anxiety-like behaviors and emotional abnormalities via an alteration of synaptic remodeling in the amygdala and the hippocampus. Given that the date palm spathe has been shown to have neuroprotective effects on different experimental models, this study aimed to address whether the date palm spathe extract (hydroalcoholic extract of date palm spathe [HEDPP]) can reduce chronic restraint stress-induced behavioral, electrophysiological, and morphological changes in the rat model. Thirty-two male Wistar rats (weight 200-220g) were randomly divided into control, stress, HEDPP, and stress+HEDPP for 14 days. Animals were submitted to restraint stress for 2h per day for 14 consecutive days. The animals of the HEDPP and stress+HEDPP groups were supplemented with HEDPP (125mg/kg) during these 14 days, 30min before being placed in the restraint stress tube. We used passive avoidance, open-field test, and field potential recording to assess emotional memory, anxiety-like behavioral and long-term potentiation in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, respectively. Moreover, Golgi-Cox staining was used to investigate the amygdala neuron dendritic arborization. Results showed that stress induction was associated with behavioral changes (anxiety-like behavioral and emotional memory impairment), and the administration of HEDPP effectively normalized these deficits. HEDPP remarkably amplified the slope and amplitude of mean-field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) in the CA1 area of the hippocampus in stressed rats. Chronic restraint stress significantly decreased the dendritic arborization in the central and basolateral nucleus of the amygdala neuron. HEDPP suppressed this stress effect in the central nucleus of the amygdala. Our findings indicated that HEDPP administration improves stress-induced learning impairment and memory and anxiety-like behaviors by preventing adverse effects on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and amygdala.

Effects of Gallic Acid on Memory Deficits and Electrophysiological Impairments Induced by Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion in Rats Following Exposure to Ambient Dust Storm.

We aimed to investigate the probable protective effects of gallic acid (GA) on cognitive deficits, hippocampal long term potentiation (LTP) impairments, and molecular changes induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in rats following exposure to ambient dust storm. After pretreatment with GA (100mg/kg), or vehicle (Veh) (normal saline, 2ml/kg) for ten days, and 60minutes' exposure to dust storm including PM (PM, 2000-8000g/m3) every day, 4-vessel occlusion (4VO) type of I/R was induced. Three days after I/R induction, we evaluated behavioral, electrophysiological, histopathological, molecular and brain tissue inflammatory cytokine changes. Our findings indicated that pretreatment with GA significantly reduced cognitive impairments caused by I/R (P < 0.05) and hippocampal LTP impairments caused by I/R after PM exposure (P < 0.001). Additionally, after exposure to PM, I/R significantly elevated the tumor necrosis factor α content (P < 0.01) and miR-124 level (P < 0.001) while pre-treatment with GA reduced the level of miR-124 (P < 0.001). Histopathological results also revealed that I/R and PM caused cell death in the hippocampus CA1 area (P < 0.001) and that GA decreased the rate of cell death (P < 0.001). Our findings show that GA can prevent brain inflammation, and thus cognitive and LTP deficits caused by I/R, PM exposure, or both.

Intragastric administration of prednisone acetate induced impairment of hippocampal long-term potentiation

Prednisone acetate (PA) has many adverse side effects despite the fact that oral administration of PA is widely administrated in the clinic. However, it is unknown whether PA can cause hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) impairment. Therefore, in our study, PA (5 mg/kg·d) through intragastric administration (gavage) was applied to establish a model of impaired hippocampal LTP in C57BL/6 mice, and the method was evaluated by comparing with another method to establish LTP impairment through subcutaneous injection of corticosterone (CORT, 50 mg/kg·d). First, our results showed PA caused a more significant decrease in population spike (PS, %) after high-frequency stimulation (HFS) than CORT, demonstrating PA induced impairment of hippocampal LTP more successfully than CORT. Second, PA caused poorer performance of memory than CORT. Third, PA caused more serious lesions and loss of the granule cell in the dentate gyrus than CORT. Finally, PA caused lower levels of glutamic acid (Glu), N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) than CORT. All in all, PA (5 mg/kg·d) through intragastric administration (gavage) induced LTP impairment in the hippocampus more successfully than CORT. The neuronal lesions in the dentate gyrus and the consequent decrease of Glu and NMDARs (especially NMDAR2A) may be the cause of LTP impairment.

Ikzf1 as a novel regulator of microglial homeostasis in inflammation and neurodegeneration

In the last two decades, microglia have emerged as key contributors to disease progression in many neurological disorders, not only by exerting their classical immunological functions but also as extremely dynamic cells with the ability to modulate synaptic and neural activity. This dynamic behavior, together with their heterogeneous roles and response to diverse perturbations in the brain parenchyma has raised the idea that microglia activation is more diverse than anticipated and that understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying microglial states is essential to unravel their role in health and disease from development to aging. The Ikzf1 (a.k.a. Ikaros) gene plays crucial roles in modulating the function and maturation of circulating monocytes and lymphocytes, but whether it regulates microglial functions and states is unknown. Using genetic tools, here we describe that Ikzf1 is specifically expressed in the adult microglia in brain regions such as cortex and hippocampus. By characterizing the Ikzf1 deficient mice, we observed that these mice displayed spatial learning deficits, impaired hippocampal CA3-CA1 long-term potentiation, and decreased spine density in pyramidal neurons of the CA1, which correlates with an increased expression of synaptic markers within microglia. Additionally, these Ikzf1 deficient microglia exhibited a severe abnormal morphology in the hippocampus, which is accompanied by astrogliosis, an aberrant composition of the inflammasome, and an altered expression of disease-associated microglia molecules. Interestingly, the lack of Ikzf1 induced changes on histone 3 acetylation and methylation levels in the hippocampus. Since the lack of Ikzf1 in mice appears to induce the internalization of synaptic markers within microglia, and severe gliosis we then analyzed hippocampal Ikzf1 levels in several models of neurological disorders. Ikzf1 levels were increased in the hippocampus of these neurological models, as well as in postmortem hippocampal samples from Alzheimer’s disease patients. Finally, over-expressing Ikzf1 in cultured microglia made these cells hyporeactive upon treatment with lipopolysaccharide, and less phagocytic compared to control microglia. Altogether, these results suggest that altered Ikzf1 levels in the adult hippocampus are sufficient to induce synaptic plasticity and memory deficits via altering microglial state and function.

Asymmetric activation of microglia in the hippocampus drives anxiodepressive consequences of trigeminal neuralgia in rodents.

Patients suffering from trigeminal neuralgia are often accompanied by anxiety and depression. Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is involved in the development of neuropathic pain and anxiodepression pathogenesis. Whether and how microglia are involved in trigeminal neuralgia-induced anxiodepression remains unclear. Unilateral constriction of the infraorbital nerve (CION) was performed to establish trigeminal neuralgia in rat and mouse models. Mechanical allodynia and anxiodepressive-like behaviours were measured. Optogenetic and pharmacological manipulations were employed to investigate the role of hippocampal microglia in anxiety and depression caused by trigeminal neuralgia. Trigeminal neuralgia activated ipsilateral but not contralateral hippocampal microglia, up-regulated ipsilateral hippocampal ATP and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels, impaired ipsilateral hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and induced anxiodepressive-like behaviours in a time-dependent manner in rodents. Pharmacological or optogenetic inhibition of ipsilateral hippocampal microglia completely blocked trigeminal neuralgia-induced anxiodepressive-like behaviours. Activation of unilateral hippocampal microglia directly elicited an anxiodepressive state and impaired hippocampal LTP. Knockdown of ipsilateral hippocampal P2X7 receptors prevented trigeminal neuralgia-induced microglial activation and anxiodepressive-like behaviours. Furthermore, we demonstrated that microglia-derived IL-1β mediated microglial activation-induced anxiodepressive-like behaviours and LTP impairment. These findings suggest that priming of microglia with ATP/P2X7 receptors in the ipsilateral hippocampus drives pain-related anxiodepressive-like behaviours via IL-1β. An asymmetric role of the bilateral hippocampus in trigeminal neuralgia-induced anxiety and depression was uncovered. The approaches targeting microglia and P2X7 signalling might offer novel therapies for trigeminal neuralgia-related anxiety and depressive disorder.

Diffusion MRI alterations coincide with memory deficits in a novel hAβKI mouse model of Alzheimer’s Disease

AbstractBackgroundThe Model Organism Development and Evaluation for Late‐Onset Alzheimer’s Disease (MODEL‐AD) Consortium is developing the next generation of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) models based on human genomic and imaging data. Recently, MODEL‐AD has generated a new human Aβ Knock‐In (hAβKI) mouse. These mice exhibit age‐dependent cognitive and synaptic impairments. Preclinical neuroimaging was performed, specifically diffusion MRI (dMRI) to investigate brain‐wide structural alterations in conjunction with connectomic analyses across the hAβKI mouse lifespan.MethodhAβKI and WT mice were compared at 4, 12, and 18 months (mo) of age. Two cohorts were generated for: 1) behavior and long‐term potentiation (LTP), and 2) high resolution diffusion tensor imaging at 9.4T (30 directions b=3000 mm2/sec) to assess regional white and gray matter changes. Regional tissue features based on the AMBMC atlas were extracted from fractional anisotropy (FA), radial (RD), axial (AxD) and mean diffusivity (MD) parametric maps.ResultSignificant impairments in hippocampal LTP were observed in male hAβKI mice at 4mo of age relative to WT but not at 12 or 18mo. In contrast, in female hAβKI mice, LTP impairments were observed only at 12 and 18mo relative to WT. dMRI heatmaps of MD highlighted regional differences between sexes across time and genotype, with MD progressively decreasing with time. Male hAβKI mice had progressive changes within the brain with advancing age whereas the largest changes in females was at 12mo of age. AxD in 18mo male hAβKI mice was increased in 4 of 7 white matter regions but not in female hAβKI mice compared to WT.ConclusionIn summary, using the newly developed hAβKI mouse model of AD, we identified progressive altered regional dMRI tissue metrics. The hippocampal CA1 region appeared to be particularly vulnerable, findings consistent with observed impairments in LTP and behavior. MRI of new mouse models is a powerful tool to investigate tissue level modifications to brain structure and function to inform human disease.

Cognitive deficits and impaired hippocampal long-term potentiation in KATP-induced DEND syndrome

Cognitive deficits and impaired hippocampal long-term potentiation in KATP-induced DEND syndrome

Hippocampal oxytocin is involved in spatial memory and synaptic plasticity deficits following acute high-fat diet intake in juvenile rats.

The hippocampus undergoes maturation during juvenility, a period of increased vulnerability to environmental challenges. We recently found that acute high-fat diet (HFD) impaired hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and hippocampal-dependent spatial memory. We also recently reported that similar HFD exposure affected prefrontal plasticity and social memory through decreased oxytocin levels in the prefrontal cortex. In the present study, we therefore evaluated whether hippocampal oxytocin levels are also affected by juvenile HFD and could mediate deficits of hippocampal LTP and spatial memory. We found that postweaning HFD decreased oxytocin levels in the CA1 of the dorsal hippocampus. Interestingly, systemic injection of high, but not low, dose of oxytocin rescued HFD-induced LTP impairment in CA1. Moreover, deficits in long-term object location memory (OLM) were prevented by systemic injection of both high and low dose of oxytocin as well as by intra-CA1 infusion of oxytocin receptor agonist. Finally, we found that blocking oxytocin receptors in CA1 impaired long-term OLM in control-fed juvenile rats. These results suggest that acute HFD intake lowers oxytocin levels in the CA1 that lead to CA1 plasticity impairment and spatial memory deficits in juveniles. Further, these results provide the first evidence for the regulatory role of oxytocin in spatial memory.

Astrocytic Piezo1-mediated mechanotransduction determines adult neurogenesis and cognitive functions

Adult brain activities are generally believed to be dominated by chemical and electrical transduction mechanisms. However, the importance of mechanotransduction mediated by mechano-gated ion channels in brain functions is less appreciated. Here, we show that the mechano-gated Piezo1 channel is expressed in the exploratory processes of astrocytes and utilizes its mechanosensitivity to mediate mechanically evoked Ca2+ responses and ATP release, establishing Piezo1-mediated mechano-chemo transduction in astrocytes. Piezo1 deletion in astrocytes causes a striking reduction of hippocampal volume and brain weight and severely impaired (but ATP-rescuable) adult neurogenesis invivo, and it abolishes ATP-dependent potentiation of neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation invitro. Piezo1-deficient mice show impaired hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and learning and memory behaviors. By contrast, overexpression of Piezo1 in astrocytes sufficiently enhances mechanotransduction, LTP, and learning and memory performance. Thus, astrocytes utilize Piezo1-mediated mechanotransduction mechanisms to robustly regulate adult neurogenesis and cognitive functions, conceptually highlighting the importance of mechanotransduction in brain structure and function.

Nicotine alleviates alcohol-induced memory and long-term potentiation impairment

Alcohol and nicotine are routinely abused together. There is one plausible explanation that comorbidity can alleviate alcohol-induced cognitive impairment. However, the mechanism involved is not known. The aim of this report was to evaluate the interactive effects of alcohol coadministration with nicotine on hippocampal memory and long-term potentiation (LTP). C57BL/6 mice were distributed into 4 treatment groups: control, alcohol, nicotine, and alcohol plus nicotine. All mice received tap water or alcohol solution and saline or nicotine. In water maze test, the alcohol group showed significant decreases in hippocampus function and acquisition training than control, nicotine, and combined treatment groups. The alcohol group also showed a significantly shorter latency in entering the foot-shock compartment than control, nicotine, and combined treatment groups in a passive avoidance test. Theta burst stimulation was adopted to induce concrete LTP in CA1 field recording using hippocampal slice. Alcohol alone administration failed to maintain LTP. Nicotine alone administration did not alter hippocampal LTP. There were no negative effects of alcohol on hippocampal LTP in mice administrated with nicotine. The current study successfully demonstrated beneficial effects of nicotine on alcohol induced memory impairment accompanied by hippocampal LTP impairment after one week of co-administration and one-day withdrawal.

P-Coumaric acid mitigates passive avoidance memory and hippocampal synaptic plasticity impairments in aluminum chloride-induced Alzheimer's disease rat model

The present study was designed to determine the effects of p-coumaric acid (p-CA), a phenolic compound, on passive avoidance memory function and hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) in an Alzheimer's disease (AD) rat model induced by aluminum chloride (AlCl3). p-CA (100 mg/kg; P.O.) was administered concomitantly with AlCl3 (100 mg/kg; P.O.) for 42 consecutive days. Results of this study revealed an attenuation of memory capacity, which was accompanied by a reduction in both components of LTP (field excitatory postsynaptic potentials slope and population spike amplitude) and an increase in amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques production in the AlCl3-exposed rats. Intriguingly, treatment with p-CA improved passive avoidance memory dysfunction, ameliorated hippocampal LTP impairment, and hindered Aβ plaque accumulation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of AlCl3-treated rats. This data provides evidence that p-CA improves AlCl3-induced passive avoidance memory decline, which may be partly related to amelioration of synaptic dysfunction and suppression of Aβ plaque formation.

A recurrent SHANK1 mutation implicated in autism spectrum disorder causes autistic-like core behaviors in mice via downregulation of mGluR1-IP3R1-calcium signaling

The genetic etiology and underlying mechanism of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remain elusive. SHANK family genes (SHANK1/2/3) are well known ASD-related genes. However, little is known about how SHANK missense mutations contribute to ASD. Here, we aimed to clarify the molecular mechanism of and the multilevel neuropathological features induced by Shank1 mutations in knock-in (KI) mice. In this study, by sequencing the SHANK1 gene in a cohort of 615 ASD patients and 503 controls, we identified an ASD-specific recurrent missense mutation, c.2621 G > A (p.R874H). This mutation demonstrated strong pathogenic potential in in vitro experiments, and we generated the corresponding Shank1 R882H-KI mice. Shank1 R882H-KI mice displayed core symptoms of ASD, namely, social disability and repetitive behaviors, without confounding comorbidities of abnormal motor function and heightened anxiety. Brain structural changes in the frontal cortex, hippocampus and cerebellar cortex were observed in Shank1 R882H-KI mice via structural magnetic resonance imaging. These key brain regions also showed severe and consistent downregulation of mGluR1-IP3R1-calcium signaling, which subsequently affected the release of intracellular calcium. Corresponding cellular structural and functional changes were present in Shank1 R882H-KI mice, including decreased spine size, reduced spine density, abnormal morphology of postsynaptic densities, and impaired hippocampal long-term potentiation and basal excitatory transmission. These findings demonstrate the causative role of SHANK1 in ASD and elucidate the underlying biological mechanism of core symptoms of ASD. We also provide a reliable model of ASD with core symptoms for future studies, such as biomarker identification and therapeutic intervention studies.

Eugenitol ameliorates memory impairments in 5XFAD mice by reducing Aβ plaques and neuroinflammation

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is caused by various pathological mechanisms; therefore, it is necessary to develop drugs that simultaneously act on multiple targets. In this study, we investigated the effects of eugenitol, which has anti-amyloid β (Aβ) and anti-neuroinflammatory effects, in an AD mouse model. We found that eugenitol potently inhibited Aβ plaque and oligomer formation. Moreover, eugenitol dissociated the preformed Aβ plaques and reduced Aβ-induced nero2a cell death. An in silico docking simulation study showed that eugenitol may interact with Aβ1–42 monomers and fibrils. Eugenitol showed radical scavenging effects and potently reduced the release of proinflammatory cytokines from lipopolysaccharide-treated BV2 cells. Systemic administration of eugenitol blocked Aβ aggregate-induced memory impairment in the Morris water maze test in a dose-dependent manner. In 5XFAD mice, prolonged administration of eugenitol ameliorated memory and hippocampal long-term potentiation impairment. Moreover, eugenitol significantly reduced Aβ deposits and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus of 5XFAD mice. These results suggest that eugenitol, which has anti-Aβ aggregation, Aβ fibril dissociation, and anti-inflammatory effects, potently modulates AD-like pathologies in 5XFAD mice, and could be a promising candidate for AD therapy.

Effects of co-exposure to lead and manganese on learning and memory deficits

Lead (Pb) and manganese (Mn) are common neurotoxins. However, individuals are subject to co-exposures in real life, and it is therefore important to study these metals in combination. Weaning Sprague-Dawley rats were given ad libitum access to drinking water solutions containing Pb (100 mg/L), Mn (2.5 mg/mL) or a mixture, and each treatment had its own minocycline (50 mg/(kg•day)) supplement group. The results showed a significant difference in spatial memory and induction levels of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) in all exposure groups when compared with controls. The combined-exposure group exhibited the most pronounced effect when compared with each of the single-metal exposure groups. Microglia displayed activation at day 3 after exposure alone or in combination, while astrocytes showed activation at day 5, accompanied by decreased expression levels of GLAST, GLT-1, and GS. Furthermore, the levels of glutamate in the synaptic cleft increased significantly. When microglial activation was inhibited by minocycline, the activation of astrocytes and the expression of GLAST, GLT-1, and GS were both reversed. In addition, upon minocycline treatment, hippocampal LTP impairment and cognitive injury were significantly alleviated in each of the exposure groups. These results suggest that combined exposure to Pb and Mn can cause greater effects on cognition and synaptic plasticity when compared to single-metal exposure groups. The reason may involve abnormal activation of microglia leading to excessive regulation of astrocytes, resulting in glutamate reuptake dysfunction in astrocytes and leading to perturbed cognition and synaptic plasticity.

A calcium-sensitive antibody isolates soluble amyloid-β aggregates and fibrils from Alzheimer's disease brain.

Aqueously soluble oligomers of amyloid-β peptide may be the principal neurotoxic forms of amyloid-β in Alzheimer’s disease, initiating downstream events that include tau hyperphosphorylation, neuritic/synaptic injury, microgliosis and neuron loss. Synthetic oligomeric amyloid-β has been studied extensively, but little is known about the biochemistry of natural oligomeric amyloid-β in human brain, even though it is more potent than simple synthetic peptides and comprises truncated and modified amyloid-β monomers. We hypothesized that monoclonal antibodies specific to neurotoxic oligomeric amyloid-β could be used to isolate it for further study.Here we report a unique human monoclonal antibody (B24) raised against synthetic oligomeric amyloid-β that potently prevents Alzheimer’s disease brain oligomeric amyloid-β-induced impairment of hippocampal long-term potentiation. B24 binds natural and synthetic oligomeric amyloid-β and a subset of amyloid plaques, but only in the presence of Ca2+. The amyloid-β N terminus is required for B24 binding. Hydroxyapatite chromatography revealed that natural oligomeric amyloid-β is highly avid for Ca2+. We took advantage of the reversible Ca2+-dependence of B24 binding to perform non-denaturing immunoaffinity isolation of oligomeric amyloid-β from Alzheimer’s disease brain-soluble extracts.Unexpectedly, the immunopurified material contained amyloid fibrils visualized by electron microscopy and amenable to further structural characterization. B24-purified human oligomeric amyloid-β inhibited mouse hippocampal long-term potentiation. These findings identify a calcium-dependent method for purifying bioactive brain oligomeric amyloid-β, at least some of which appears fibrillar.

Effects of N-acetylcystein on changes in parvalbumin-positive interneurons in the hippocampus after carbon monoxide poisoning

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the injury of putative parvalbumin positive interneurons defined by molecular marker and hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), a marker of neural plasticity following acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. Methods: Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 1100 ppm CO for 40 minutes followed by 3000 ppm CO for 20 minutes. Animals received daily intraperitoneal injection of NAC (150 mg/kg) for 5 days after CO exposure. Changes in learning and spatial memory were evaluated by Y-maze test 5 days after the poisoning. In vivo LTP in hippocampal CA1 area was evaluated by using extracellular electrophysiological technique. Immunohistochemical staining were adopted to observe expressional damages of parvalbumin (PV) immunoreactive interneurons in the hippocampus following the poisoning. Results: Acute CO intoxication resulted in no changes in memory performance at Y-maze test but a significant reduction of LTP in the in hippocampal CA1 area. There was also a significant reduction of PV (+) interneurons in the hippocampal CA1 area 5 days after CO poisoning. Daily treatment of NAC significantly improved hippocampal LTP impairment and reduced immunoreactivity for PV in the hippocampus following the acute CO poisoning. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that reduction of hippocampal LTP and PV (+) interneurons in the hippocampus is sensitive indicator for brain injury and daily NAC injections can be the alternative therapeutics for the injury induced by acute CO poisoning.

Cognitive deficits and impaired hippocampal long-term potentiation in KATP-induced DEND syndrome

ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) gain-of-function (GOF) mutations cause neonatal diabetes, with some individuals exhibiting developmental delay, epilepsy, and neonatal diabetes (DEND) syndrome. Mice expressing KATP-GOF mutations pan-neuronally (nKATP-GOF) demonstrated sensorimotor and cognitive deficits, whereas hippocampus-specific hKATP-GOF mice exhibited mostly learning and memory deficiencies. Both nKATP-GOF and hKATP-GOF mice showed altered neuronal excitability and reduced hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP). Sulfonylurea therapy, which inhibits KATP, mildly improved sensorimotor but not cognitive deficits in KATP-GOF mice. Mice expressing KATP-GOF mutations in pancreatic β-cells developed severe diabetes but did not show learning and memory deficits, suggesting neuronal KATP-GOF as promoting these features. These findings suggest a possible origin of cognitive dysfunction in DEND and the need for novel drugs to treat neurological features induced by neuronal KATP-GOF.